Exhibit 3.3 graphs the differences in average mathematics achievement between the assessment cycles for TIMSS 2019 countries that have comparable data from previous assessments, while Exhibit 3.4 provides more details. The countries are presented in alphabetical order in both exhibits. The trends in mathematics achievement at the eighth grade signal more improvements than downturns across the assessment cycles internationally.

Most recently, for the 33 countries that participated in both TIMSS 2015 and 2019, 13 had increases in average achievement and 4 had decreases. The trends between 2007 and 2019, as well as between 1995 and 2019, also show more increases than decreases in average mathematics achievement over the long term. In 2019, compared with 2007, for the 23 countries in both assessments, there were 16 increases and only 2 decreases. In 2019, compared with 1995, for the 18 countries in both assessments, there were 9 increases and 4 decreases.