For the TIMSS 2019 countries with comparable data from previous TIMSS assessments, Exhibit 3.6 contains graphs of average mathematics achievement across assessments by gender. The countries are presented in alphabetical order. The difference in average mathematics achievement between boys and girls has remained relatively stable in most countries, with any overall increases or decreases in achievement from assessment to assessment occurring similarly for both girls and boys. However, several countries with no gender gap in TIMSS 2015 had a gap favoring boys in TIMSS 2019, including Israel and Morocco, while Saudi Arabia and South Africa (ninth grade) had a gap favoring girls in 2019. Gender gaps in average achievement favoring boys in TIMSS 2015 were closed in Chile, the Russian Federation, and Sweden, and a gap favoring girls was closed in Singapore.