For the TIMSS 2019 countries with comparable data from previous TIMSS assessments, Exhibit 4.6 contains graphs of average science achievement across assessments by gender. The countries are presented in alphabetical order. The difference in average science achievement between boys and girls has remained relatively stable in most countries, with any overall increases or decreases in achievement from assessment to assessment occurring similarly for both girls and boys. However, consistent with girls having average higher achievement than boys in more countries than the other way around, a number of countries with no gender gap in TIMSS 2015 had a gap favoring girls in TIMSS 2019, including Egypt, Iran, South Africa (ninth grade), and Sweden. (Finland, Kazakhstan, and Romania did not have comparable data from 2015, but had a gap favoring girls in TIMSS 2019 that did not exist in 2011.) The gender gap in average achievement favoring girls in TIMSS 2015 was closed in Lebanon, Malaysia, Morocco, and Turkey. Japan and Korea had no gender gap in 2015, but had a gap favoring boys in 2019. The gender gap in average achievement favoring boys in TIMSS 2015 was closed in Hong Kong SAR and the United States.