Exhibit 4.16 shows the differences in average achievement between girls and boys in the four science content domains. Across the TIMSS 2019 countries, girls had a substantial advantage in biology and chemistry whereas boys had the edge in physics and Earth science. In the biology content domain, girls had higher average achievement than boys in 17 countries, and boys had higher average achievement in 3 countries. In chemistry, girls had higher average achievement than boys in 21 countries, and boys had higher average achievement in only 1 country. In physics, girls had higher average achievement than boys in 6 countries, and boys had higher average achievement in 13 countries. In Earth science, girls had higher average achievement than boys in 4 countries, and boys had higher average achievement in 15 countries.