Exhibit 4.17 shows countries’ average achievement in the knowing, applying, and reasoning cognitive domains relative to their overall average achievement (from highest to lowest overall average achievement). Interestingly, in the knowing and reasoning domains, about the same number of countries had relative strengths as had relative weaknesses, but in the applying domain, fewer countries had strengths than weaknesses. Eleven countries had a relative strength in the knowing cognitive domain, and 12 had a relative weakness. Only 6 countries had a relative strength in the applying domain, although 14 had a relative weakness. Thirteen countries had a relative strength in the reasoning cognitive domain, and 16 had a relative weakness. The Russian Federation and Hong Kong SAR were well balanced, with no relative strengths or weaknesses in the cognitive domains.