Exhibit 2.17 shows countries’ average achievement in the knowing, applying, and reasoning cognitive domains relative to their overall average achievement (from highest to lowest overall average achievement). Eighteen countries had a relative strength in the knowing cognitive domain and 11 had a relative weakness, only 9 countries had a relative strength in the applying cognitive domain and 22 had a relative weakness, and 17 had a relative strength in the reasoning cognitive domain, and 15 had a relative weakness. Five countries had no relative strengths or weaknesses in the cognitive domains: Croatia, Germany, Portugal, Malta, and Montenegro.