Exhibit 1.17 shows countries’ average achievement in the knowing, applying, and reasoning cognitive domains relative to their overall average achievement (from highest to lowest overall average achievement). Interestingly, few countries had a relative strength in the knowing cognitive domain, especially compared with the applying domain. Nine countries had a relative strength in the knowing cognitive domain, and 25 had a relative weakness. Twenty-four countries had a relative strength in the applying cognitive domain, and 10 had a relative weakness. Seventeen countries had a relative strength in the reasoning cognitive domain, and 28 had a relative weakness. Hungary, Croatia, and Malta were the only countries with no relative strengths or weaknesses in the cognitive domains.