Exhibit 4.19 shows the differences between girls’ and boys’ average achievement in the cognitive domains of knowing, applying, and reasoning. Reflecting the overall results where girls had higher average achievement in more countries than the reverse, girls had higher average achievement than boys in more countries than the reverse in all three cognitive domains, especially applying and reasoning. In the knowing domain, girls had higher average achievement than boys in 10 countries, and boys had higher achievement than girls in 8 countries. In the applying domain, girls had higher average achievement than boys in 13 countries, and boys had higher average achievement than girls in 4 countries. In reasoning, girls had higher average achievement than boys in 13 countries, compared with 2 countries where boys had higher average achievement.