Exhibit 2.19 shows the differences between girls’ and boys’ average achievement in the cognitive domains of knowing, applying, and reasoning. Interestingly, boys had higher average achievement in more countries than girls in the knowing cognitive domain, but the situation was reversed in the applying and reasoning domains. In the knowing domain, girls had higher average achievement than boys in 3 countries, and boys had higher average achievement than girls in 16 countries. However, in the applying domain, girls had higher average achievement than boys in 12 countries compared with only 3 countries where boys had higher achievement than girls, and in the reasoning domain, girls had higher average achievement than boys in 16 countries compared with no countries with higher average achievement for boys.