Exhibit 3.19 shows the differences between girls’ and boys’ average achievement in the cognitive domains of knowing, applying, and reasoning. In the knowing domain, girls had higher average achievement than boys in 8 countries, and boys had higher achievement than girls in 5 countries. In the applying domain, girls had higher average achievement than boys in 5 countries, and boys had higher average achievement than girls in 8 countries. In reasoning, girls had higher average achievement than boys in 8 countries compared with 3 countries where boys had higher average achievement.