Exhibit 1.19 shows the differences between girls’ and boys’ average achievement in the cognitive domains of knowing, applying, and reasoning. Reflecting the higher average achievement overall for boys in 27 of the 56 TIMSS 2019 countries for which cognitive domain scores were estimated, boys also had higher average achievement than girls in many countries in the cognitive domains—31 countries in the knowing domain, 15 in the applying domain, and 28 in the reasoning domain. Girls had higher average achievement than boys in all three domains in the same 3 countries—Oman, the Philippines and South Africa (fifth grade).